HISTORICAL CRITICISM

• investigates social,cultural and intellectual context.
• it includes authors life and the prevalent social conditions.
• it traces the changes over time.

BIOGRAPHICAL CRITICISM

acc to this B.C,

• real life experiences are taken note.
• understanding the authors life is very important.
• the important events in the life of the writer will help to boost the understanding of the reader.
• eg: CHARLES DICKENS' novel DAVID COPPERFIELD has fully autobiograpical elements. all his novels has his experiences as the base.

PRACTICAL CRITICISM

• ANALYSIS,INTERPRETATION AND EVALUATION OF THE TEXT.
• VERBAL TEXTURE AND THE ARTISTIC FEATURES ARE NOTED.
• I. A. RICHARS in his work PRACTICAL CRITICISM has analysed well.

CLOSE READING

• close and detailed analysis of the text without refering to the cultural, historical or biographical background.
• specific uses of imagery,symbols,repeated terms,patterns of expressions,tone,theme has to be taken note of.(munnadiyae padicho mae athu thaan............. kelambitttangayya.........)

FOUR TYPES OF FUNCTIONS

topic partha udana deepavali , pongal, innoru deeepavali innoru pongallu think panna koodathu....... I.A RICHARDS ku namma alavukku capacuty kadaiyadu.....so avar range ku namma povoam.......

1. SENSE: we use words to catch the attention of the listeners. those words kindles the emotions and create a sense.('dei' sonna oru reaction," oi" sonna oru reaction, "hi" sonna oru reaction.... itha ellam vadivelu sonna oru reaction........ atha soldar).
2. FEELINGS: attitude+special direction+bias+ interest/colouring of the feelings=== feelings.(ovvoru tharkku oru oru feeling...... {nagu listen pannu} feeling nu sonna nagu kku oru paer neabagam varum, palani kku onnu varum(????????) terrorist kku{ TT CHESS thanae... okok } oru thought ........ ).
3. TONE: the way in which the speaker utters reveals his attitude.(namma HR ra kaelunga) how the speaker has taken the issue, wat he really wants from the listeners........ all can be found from the tone..... eg: positive tone, melancholic tone(namma devadas madri), formal tone will create distance politeness(teacher student madri........ satyama palani nagu class illa....{dhigil effecttil padiikkavum}
4. INTENTION: the speakers aim , consciousness and his approach gets revealed. according to the intention his success is spotted(paadam solla thaan teachers varanga aaana naama thoongarom illaya atha madri}

• SCIENTIST: his attitude will be very much concentrated on facts and his information ll be fact oriented . academic convention ll dominate in his speech.(namma president ji 'moon ,oxygen "pathi eppadi think pannuvar??????)

• WRITER: his aim ll be to popularise his/her words. so he ll be more concerned on people and the things that interest them( vairamuthu sir oxygen ,moon , nu sonnadum anga ishwarya va kondu vanthu thanga vachi prashantha feel panna vachiduvar{azagiya nilavil o2 nirappi angae unakkoru veedu seivaen}

PRACTICAL &NEW CRITICISM

there starts a conversation among three big shots of Chennai PUCK(p) DR.FAUSTUS(f) VIM VANDY (v).....an unidntified voice named GSS also takes part in the conversation.....

p:hi friends..... today free ya time a selavu pannanum pa.......
f:hey ivan oxymoron la paesuran....... kandupudichuttaen ............
p:podum control pannikko.... nee nalla school padichi irukkannu othukkaraen
"{{{{{{{>>>>>>><<<<<<,,,,,,./''''''''';;;][[[[[[[[[[ GSS:school aga school.......JOHN CROWE RANSOM arambicha school ah? athu paer NEW CRITICISMSCHOOL thanae.......... ???????<<<<<<<<>,,,...''';;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;

p f ::::::: oi yaar adu....?????? enna school adu kaetta madri illayae.......
v: oh i ll tell u guys

#its a group of people who wanted to change old way of criticism. new kind of practical criticism was their aim.....
p: hei stop enna aachu unakku.... over ra paesura????? ithukku thaan TT adikkadi adathannu namma MA friends sonnanga lla
??????<<<<<>>:"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
GSS:
THEIR GOALS:

*text s the main and only sourse ... no other information s sensed valid. a kind of intrinsic criticism(book ka mattum padi yaar yarukku ezuthina eppo appadi yellam kaettka naama enna ulavu thurai ya???)
*CLOSE READING paying immense attention to the words meaning and stucture of the given piece (noondi namma ramana sir madri through va iruka num)
*new critics wanted a new approach. so they took no care of extra texual information but studied the full text. they welcomed as many interpretations as possible(ezuthinada padichittu yaar enna karpanapannalum aga, super, athu, appadi thaan nnu over scene)
* the pioneer of this kind of revolutionary(!) thinking s COLERIDGE.he says poem not as science but an ever lively emotion. THE WHOLE S IN EVERY PART AND EVERY PART CAN BE FOUND IN THE WHOLE.
(INTHA ASAMI THAAN NAMMA KASHTA PADA KARANAM.part parta padichalum athula oru muzhumai irukku......... ella partum sernthadu thaan muzumai.... ok ok i ll stop... ).
??????????<<:::::::::::::::"""""""""""""""""""""""""
p: dei nammla kola seyya sathi nadakkudu da dei vim u come ..... yaru pa ivan ala kanoom ana koral mattum kathi madri kolluthae.. engayo kaetta madri irukkae....dei faustus un black magic vachi kandu pudi da........

f: om greem jaam...........

THE AGE OF ELIZABETH

IMPORTANT WRITERS OF THE AGE:

Spencer,JohnDonne,Marlowe,Shakespeare,Jonson,Bacon.

THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND:
settlement:

• english nation was attaining a stability
• the problem between them and Scotland was settled
• this gave good grounds for the improvement of literature.

expansion:

• they were expanding in geographical area(namma natta pudicha da descentta soldran)
• knowledge poured from east( namma kitta irundu suttada pathi soldran)
• many voyagers wre discovering new lands(america ndra kodumaya pathi soldran)

LITERARY FEATURES OF THE AGE:

1.the new classicism:

( english appadinnu oru lang. greek latin kitta irundu thaan vanthuchu. english karannukku[satyaraj illa] koduma yana vishayamae greek latin padikkaradu thaan. intha period la g&l padikkaradu fashion agiduchu. so torcher thaangama english nnu oru lang valanduthu. ethula irundu???????(no sleep friends)...... greek and latin la irunthu.

this is called neo classicism(padikka mudiyada greek and latinna oppaethi english aakinada descentta oru term koduthirukkanga) NEO CLASSICISM.

2.abundance of output:

(egappatta oora pudichitta du naala avan ezuda neraya vishayam kedachidu.)

• due to expansion knowledge horizons grew
• treatise and pamplets were introduced. they mainly contained abusive lang. yet these became the bridge for the growing great lang thats english.

(avangalayae thittikkara thukku kandupudichadu thaan intha pamplet treatise ellam. athayae evalo azaga literature nnu soldranga parunga........... annga thaan sathiyaraj sorry english karan nikkiran)

3. new romanticism:

• romantic quest was seen......... first and greatest romantic epoch.
• youngsters revolted against the past and new and fresh subjects like romances were dealt with in lit.
• the ardent uth of the period achieved this.

(avanga kalathu pasanga thesai maari ponada puratchi nnu solli nammala parents kooda sanda poda vaikka try pandran..........)

4.the drama:

• drama s the greatest achievement of the age
• there sprung problems in the field of drama because of constant fight between actors( appayum vijay vs ajith, simbu(shalu's fav.) vs. danush irunthi rukkangappa)
• inspite of such difficulty good dramas came up ia great men like Shakes.

.........................................................................................................................................................................

now works of the important people of the age. please try to memorise all. with the inf above and below u can make up for the 20 mark question.

EDMUND SPENCER:

1552 , london, merchant taylor's school , cambridge.

poems:

1. THE SHEPERDS CALENDAR(1579) (table maela kuttiya poo potta calendarla ovvoru masathukkum oru thought pottiruppangalae athu ellathukkum amma intha work thaan)
2. THE RUINS OF TIME
3. THE RUINS OF ROME
4. AMORETTI(avar namma nagu maadri commit aana podu ezuthinaar)
5. EPITHALAMION(avar kalyanathukku avarae ezuthikkittar... nagu try pannu)
6. THE FAERIE QUEENE (the greatest work of him) (when time permits know something on this.

JOHN DONNE(1573-1671):

london, roman catholic , oxford and cambridge( too much ah irukku thaanae... namakku M A kkae oru univ. vae thaangala.......)(no no azakoodathu)

POEMS:

1. OF THE PROGRES OF THE SOULE(1601)(note the spelling...... pavam romba padichi kozambittar pola........ ippadi thaan spell senji irukkar)
2. SONGS AND SONETS(again spelling)
3. A VALEDICTION
4. A HYMN TO GOD THE FATHER.

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare

FRANCIS BACON(1561-1626):
he was mainly an essayist. first and the best essayist.

THE ADVANCEMENTS OF LEARNING(1605)

THE HISTORY OF HENRY VII(1622)

APOPHTHEGMS(1625)

THE NEW ATLANTIS(unfinished)

......................................................................................................................................................................

some times vedanaya eliz. age oda poetry pathhi ezuthunga nnu keppanga ...... appo historical bg ah ezuthittu poets +avanga works pathi ezuthidalam.

mostly drama pathi kaettpanga appo same his. bg ezuthi shakes patthi ezuthidalam.

so eppadium adjust senji kada vittudalam:)

the age of elizabeth

1. Your discourses containing

• study(oru reading)


• discussion(evan da kandupudichaan....)


• evaluation(sutha waste...)


• & interpretation( koduma paduthra thukkaga ezuthiirukkanda...)

s called lit. criticism.Method by which such(elite!!!) discussions r made and its aim(!!) s termed lit. theory. for eg lets take a part of a poem.......

THE COY MISTRESS

"........Time's wingèd chariot hurrying near;

And yonder all before us lie

Deserts of vast eternity.

Thy beauty shall no more be found,..........."

here lets take 3rd and 4th line........

critic no 1: it means death as the poet is weard of asking the mistress....

critic no 2: o no.... he means old age......... as after certain age he cannot meet her........

critic no 1: no as per extrinsic theory(taking not only the poem but also the age, author's personality his history..........) mine s right

critic no 2: oops as per intrinsic theory(taking the poem alone irrespective of its author and other things) mine s right

one cannot deny these views......... no. of theories=no of interpretations........

thus CRITICISM(interpretations)&THEORY(method) r inseperable.

these kind of discussions r called POETICS in Greek language.

there r several types of criticism 1. THEORETICAL(avangalae oru rule pottu adan padi interpret senjuppanga) (framing rules and interpreting) eg: PLATO , ARISTOTLE

2.PRACTICAL( anda rula pottu kozappa try pannuvanga)(applying rules practically on the given piece of literature)eg: HORACE, LONGINUS.

3.JUDICIAL(nattamai thavasi madri avangalae oru nyayatha solli thappa seri yannu solluvanga)(this applies to the context and form. checks if the pieces given goes acc. to certain accepted norms)eg DRYDEN

4.BIOGRAPHICAL(writer oda backgrounda , backgrounda vachi think senju ethavadu kandupudippanga) (they analyse on the biographical details of the writer and find the inner meaning of the piece)

5.LEGISLATIVE(avangala oru rule erpaduthi atha writer kitta koduthu "oi ithu padi thaan nee ezudanum,illa unna thittiduvaen" appadinnu solldrathu)(its a rule designed for the writer to follow while writing the lit.piece)eg: ALEXANDER POPE

WORDSWORTH&COLERIDGE changed this legislative trend......(hello enakku epppadi thoonudo appadi thaan ezuthuvaen...... nee enna oru rule podrathu..... eyarkaya varanum unnakku ellam enga puriya poguthu)

w&c emphasised the importance of imagination and emotion in lit. which aroses from one's own self, which rules cannot create.

these views r expressed by WORDSWORTH,COLERIDGE,KEATS,SHELLY.(romantic poets).

(add with this point no.4&5 in page 7)

WHO S A CRITIC???????

1. an ideal reader
2. he scrutinises everything
3. his approach is like a scientist r as an umpire(will view without any bias)
4. possess intellectual freedom
5. allows questions and enquiries

SONNET..4+4+4+2

Sonnet 29
XXIX.

When, in disgrace with fortune and men's eyes(a)
I all alone beweep my outcast state(b)
And trouble deal heaven with my bootless cries,(a)
And look upon myself and curse my fate(b)

Wishing me like to one more rich in hope, (c)
Featured like him, like him with friends possess'd, (d)
Desiring this man's art and that man's scope, (c)
With what I most enjoy contented least; (d)

Yet in these thoughts myself almost despising, (e)
Haply I think on thee, and then my state, (f)
Like to the lark at break of day arising (e)
From sullen earth, sings hymns at heaven's gate; (f)

For thy sweet love remember'd such wealth brings (g)
That then I scorn to change my state with kings. (g)
..........................................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,........................................,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
4+4+4+2.... first four lines have a rhyme scheme(nothing but ethugai monai)
second third and last two lines have a different rhyme.......... this is sonnet.
this abab cdcd efef gg (4 alphabets point four lines) s called shakespearian rhyme.
this is an important point.

u can understand its meaning just by reading..... u can even take the help of the notes.
try with sonnet 30.


Sonnet 30
XXX.
When to the sessions of sweet silent thought
I summon up remembrance of things past,
I sigh the lack of many a thing I sought,
And with old woes new wail my dear time's waste:

Then can I drown an eye, unused to flow,
For precious friends hid in death's dateless night,
And weep afresh love's long since cancell'd woe,
And moan the expense of many a vanish'd sight:

Then can I grieve at grievances foregone,
And heavily from woe to woe tell o'er
The sad account of fore-bemoaned moan,
Which I new pay as if not paid before.

But if the while I think on thee, dear friend,
All losses are restored and sorrows end.

to know more/all about sonnet visit http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonnet
http://www.shakespeares-sonnets.com/sonn01.htm#anchor008

WHAT IS LITERATURE?

a reflection of life+a slice of life+an imaginary realm= literature.

• its social and creative in nature.
• country's cultural heritage in readable form
• conveys *complexity of thoughts*richness of emotion*insight into human character.
• its an exposure in verse form
• makes us understand our history, society,and individual lives
• change in ages can be spotted well with important events
• secondary knowlege of primary information.
• every creative piece takes us to the personality of the writer, his likes and dislikes; we

see the world through the writers eyes....... eg: Shakespeare philosiphised love, Milton loved philosophy........

(elaborate according to marks)